"We should invade [Muslim] countries, kill their leaders and convert them to Christianity."
Columnist Ann Coulter,
National Review Online, Sept. 13, 2001
"Just turn [the sheriff] loose and have him arrest every Muslim that crosses the state line."
Rep. C. Saxby Chambliss (R-GA),
chairman of the House Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland security and Senate candidate, to Georgia law officers, November 2001
"Islam is a religion in which God requires you to send your son to die for him. Christianity is a faith where God sent his Son to die for you."
Attorney General John Ashcroft,
interview on Cal Thomas radio, November 2001
"(Islam) is a very evil and wicked religion wicked, violent and not of the same god (as Christianity)."
Rev. Franklin Graham, head of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, November 2001.
"Islam is Evil,Christ is King."
Allegedly written in marker by law enforcement agents on a Muslim prayer calendar in the home of a Muslim being investigated by police in Dearborn, Michigan, July 2002.
People with power and influence in the U.S. have been saying some very stupid things about Islam and about Muslims since September 11. Some of it is rooted in conscious malice, and ethnic prejudice that spills over into religious bigotry. But some is rooted in sheer historical and geographical ignorance. This is a country, after all, in which only a small minority of high school students can readily locate Afghanistan on the map, or are aware that Iranians and Pakistanis are not Arabs. As an educator, in Asian Studies, at a fairly elite university, I am painfully aware of this ignorance. But I realize it serves a purpose. It is highly useful to a power structure that banks on knee-jerk popular support whenever it embarks on a new military venture, at some far-off venue, on false pretexts immediately discernable to the better educated, but lost on the general public. The generally malleable mainstream press takes care of the rest.
I don't mean to suggest that the academic cognosenti, as a "class," habitually counter this ignorance and protest the imperialist interventions that Washington routinely undertakes. Some of them may indeed support the venture, cynically asserting that the advertised pretext fulfills some sort of valid function, regardless of the lies and distortions that surround it. (I think of the depiction in the media of the "Rambouillet Accords" concerning Yugoslavia in 1999 as "the will of the international community," when one Contact Group member, Russia, rejected the U.S.-dictated plan for Kosovo outright, and several European states only signed on after their arms were twisted nearly out of their sockets. I think of the calculated, extreme exaggeration of the number of Kosovar victims of Serbian forces as the bombing of Yugoslavia began. The lies surrounding that bombing were obvious to anyone studying the situation, but even some rather progressive academics were all for "Operation Allied Force.") American academe is---unfortunately--- whatever its right-wing critics may contend, not particularly left or anti-imperialist. In any case, such ignorance is not just a national embarrassment; it's really dangerous. Raw material for a made-in-USA version of fascism.
To understand the contemporary world, we all need to know something about Islam-beyond the inane contribution of the Attorney General cited above. So I have prepared this little primer on Islam for Americans (suitable for ages 13 and above, so appropriate for high school use), dealing not with its theology so much as its general character as an important force in the world, presently encountering unprecedented, unprincipled attack from various quarters. (Oh, and by the way, I'm not a Muslim, but what those on the Christian right revile as a "secular humanist.")
1. Islam has been around for approximately 1400 years. Established on the west coast of Arabia 900 years before European settlement in America, and spreading rapidly throughout Southwest Asia and North Africa soon thereafter, it was not designed as an anti-U.S. movement!
The basic teachings or requirements of Islam are not difficult to grasp. They constitute the "Five Pillars of Islam": (1) profession that there is no God but God ("Allah," in Arabic), and his Prophet (the last of the prophets, the "seal of the prophets") is Muhammad; (2) daily prayer; (3) fasting during the month of Ramadan; (4) charity; and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca. Whatever you may think of this package, it's not terribly threatening to the non-Muslim.
2. Islam's teachings are contained in a fairly compact book, the Qur'an, which Muslims believe was dictated to the Prophet Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel. They believe of it precisely what Jews and Christians believe of their scriptures: that is, it's the Word of God. This book, like the Bible, demands belief in monotheism; refers to Adam, Noah, Abraham, Jesus, etc. (far more space is given to Mary, mother of Jesus, in the Qur'an than in the New Testament); has a substantial legalistic component reminiscent of the Old Testament Book of Leviticus, and poetic content as beautifully uplifting as the Book of Psalms. For religious and secular scholars alike, it is absolutely clear that Islam stems from the Judeo-Christian tradition. Indeed, we should think in terms of the "Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition."
(Some fundamentalist Christians, of course, see Islam as the work of Satan, and medieval Christians in Europe saw it as a heresy rather than as "paganism. The point is---for better or worse---Muslims have a whole lot more in common with the dominant religious trends in the U.S. than do, say, Buddhists or Hindus.)
3. Muslims are about 20% of the world's population; Christians, about 30%. (The U.S. Muslim population is estimated between 5 and 8 million; U.S. Jews between 5 and 6 million). The global Jewish population is statistically quite small, so one can say the Judeo-Christian-Islamic population is roughly half the world's total. The consequences of a protracted religious war, pitting Christians and Jews against Muslims, are highly unpleasant to consider.
4. The Qur'an depicts Jews and Christians as "People of the Book," meaning that they have their own scriptures bestowed upon them by God (Allah is simply the Arabic world for God, related to the Hebrew Elohim; we should see it as analogous to the German word Gott, the French Dieu, or the Spanish Dios. It's not the personal name of a deity within a pantheon, like Thor, Aphrodite or Siva.)
Muslim scripture counsels respect for these communities, and indeed, in the history of Islam, within Islamic societies Jews and Christians have fared FAR better than non-Christians in Christendom. Muslims ruled all or part of Spain from around 800 to the late 15th century, when Columbus' great patrons, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella "drove the Moors (Muslims) out of Spain," forced everybody to embrace Catholic Christianity (or be killed), and promoted the exquisite Christian tortures of the Inquisition. Under Muslim rule, Christian and Jewish communities generally flourished from Spain to Iraq. On the other hand, until recent times, Christian intolerance prevailed throughout Europe.
5. The Qu'ran does NOT call upon Muslims to KILL all non-Muslims. It calls for the destruction of "infidels," meaning principally Arabs who, during the time of Muhammad, practiced idolatry and polytheism. Again: this is a seventh-century book, produced in a specific historical context! It, and the Muslim religion, should be studied and understood objectively, dispassionately. Islam emerged very quickly, and within decades united under its banner-the banner of monotheism---the various tribes of Arabia. Its violent rejection of idolatry, however offensive to the modern, secular, humanist mind, is hardly unique. It can be compared to the ferocious suppression in Christian Europe of paganism (often associated with witchcraft).
And for perspective, while the Qu'ran does call for the extermination of "infidels," the Old Testament is replete with its own exhortations to genocide. According to the Biblical narrative (of dubious historicity, but believed by hundreds of millions), the Hebrews under Joshua's leadership, invading Canaan from Egypt, killed twelve thousand "men and women together" in the town of Ai-because God wanted them to (Joshua 8:25). The Hebrews put all the people of Hazor to the sword (they "wiped them all out; they did not leave one living soul." Judges 11:14). The poetics of hatred are as conspicuous in the Bible as in the Qu'ran. A personal favorite of mine, from Psalm 137, refers to the Babylonians: "A blessing on him who takes and dashes your babies against the rock!" Such references are characteristic of Judeo-Christian-Islamic literature, and are best examined in historical perspective.
6. Islamic "fundamentalism" is not a species apart from other fundamentalisms, including the Christian, Jewish, and Hindu varieties. They are all anti-modern, anti-science, anti-intellectual, rarely harmless and potentially (if not necessarily) fascistic. They demand belief in received dogma, inscribed in texts, rather than open-ended scientific inquiry. They either legitimate the existing order, or call for a return to a past social order in which class and gender relations were properly sorted out in line with the Divine Will.
Some (including non-religious people in or from Muslim countries) criticize Islam (appropriately, in my view) for what they consider backward and reactionary features. This is not the place to deal with such criticisms, nor am I the right person to do it. I will merely observe what many others have observed: Christendom underwent the Enlightenment-an evolution towards secularism, rationalism, and scientific thought in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries-which the Islamic world, in general, has not yet experienced. To become "modern" (more specifically, to become capitalist), the West had to become more ideologically tolerant (i.e., less religious), and allow a freer market in ideas than had been possible when the Church monopolized learning. If mullahs monopolize education in much of the Muslim world, they serve a function identical with that of Europe's medieval Catholic clergy.
But our own Enlightenment is not irreversible. Top U.S. officials reject the theory of evolution in favor of the ludicrous "theory" of "creationism,"and seek to criminalize abortion on the grounds that a fetus is a human being created by God. Recent changes in U.S. law (allowing the use of vouchers to support religious schools at taxpayer's expense), and the failure of the courts to prosecute behavior which plainly violates the constitutional separation of church and state, demonstrate that medieval thinking and fundamentalism retain a strong hold in sections of U.S. society, and are well represented in the Bush administration. The American people are, I submit, far more threatened by Christian fundamentalism than its Islamic counterpart. And for a Pentecostalist Christian like John Ashcroft, who believes every word of the Bible literally, to inveigh against Islam (as he has) is (to use the English proverb) the "pot calling the kettle black."
7. Islamic fundamentalism (or what some, including CNN Moneyline's Lou Dobbs calls "Islamism," meaning a specifically political Islam) has NOT, historically, posed a great threat to Western interests (by which I mean corporate, oil, and geopolitical interests) but rather been exploited to SERVE those interests. Remember Lawrence of Arabia? What was his objective other than to forge a British alliance with the Hashemites, who would certainly qualify as "Islamists" by Lou Dobb's standards, during World War I? Later, the British boosted the Saudi royal family (patrons of the Wahhabi school of Islam, usually described as among the most conservative, embraced by Osama bin Laden as well as the Saudis in general) into power. The U.S. inherited Saudi Arabia as a client state after World War II, and we all know how well U.S. oil companies have done there ever since. (Aramco alone, prior to its nationalization in the mid-1980s, yielded some $ 3 trillion from the Arabian reserves.)
The U.S. helped create, recruit, and finance the fundamentalist Mujahadeen, including some 30,000 young volunteers who came from throughout the Muslim world to fight "godless Communism" in Afghanistan in the 1980s. The U.S. encouraged them to view their war as a jihad (in the sense of a "Holy War," a meaning the term usually does NOT carry), and put many in contact with young Osama bin Laden, then an ally. The Reagan administration was in love with fundamentalist Islam, so long as it served its purposes.
The California-based company Unocal was cordially negotiating right up to Sept. 11 with Afghanistan's Taliban for an oil pipeline through Afghan territory, State Department official and oilman Zalmay Khalilzad was arguing up through 1998 that the Taliban were friendly, potential business partners who did "not practice the anti-U.S. style of fundamentalism practiced in Iran."
8. Muslims of the world have many thoroughly LEGITIMATE reasons to resent U.S. policy. Nearly absolute support for the settler state of Israel in its relationship with the indigenous Palestinian people. Imposition of brutal sanctions on Iraq, contrary to logic and morality. Maintenance of bases throughout the Persian Gulf, in defiance of local sensibilities and interests. Support for brutal regimes, including that of the Shah of Iran and that of Indonesia's Suharto (who unquestionably has more blood on his hands than even that arch-villain and former U.S. buddy Saddam Hussein).
9. Muslims typically DO NOT hate the U.S. as an abstract concept, reject U.S. culture in toto, or seek the destruction of American civilization. Many are, indeed, uncomfortable with some aspects of American behavior, as are most people in the world, from Central America to Japan. But a Zogby International poll, released June 11 of this year, shows that in nine Muslim countries, including Bangladesh and Malaysia, the most admired foreign country is the U.S.
10. Muslims and Jews in Palestine/Israel have NOT always hated one another, and the current Middle East conflict does NOT go back many centuries. Rather, it began with the influx of foreign Jews into the region after World War I, which became a flood as a result of the Holocaust, and with international support resulted in the formation of Israel as a specifically Jewish state in 1948. Jewish settlement and terrorism (well-documented by the Jewish Israeli historian Ilan Pappe) resulted in the displacement of 750,000 Palestinian Arabs (including both Christians and Muslims). The Arab-Israeli conflict is not, fundamentally, about Islam, or a clash between Islam and other faiths, but about this-worldly land grabbing, settlement, dispossession and oppression that has enraged the Muslim world, as it should enrage any thinking, moral human being. Unfortunately, fundamentalist Christians in this country tend to depict this history of injustice as the fulfillment of Biblical prophecy, and they will brook no dissent when it comes to the Zionist cause that they have embraced as their own. ("God gave them the land, so don't bother me with historical details. End of discussion.") Hard to imagine a delusion more injurious to world peace and to the cause of justice.
Finally: In understanding Islam, Americans should give some thought to one of the pivotal episodes in world history, the Crusades, or Wars of the Cross, that ripped up the Holy Land between 1096 and 1291. During these two centuries, European Christians seeking to "win back for Christendom" territory that had fallen to the Muslim Turks-territory that had been ruled by Muslims since the early seventh century anyway, on terms generally agreeable to Jews and Christians as well as Muslims-committed unspeakable atrocities. In July 1099 Jerusalem was conquered, the Roman Catholic soldiers massacring all the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, including women and children. Nor was the Crusaders' zeal exhausted upon non-Christians; frustrated at lack of success in Palestine in 1204, they instead sacked Constantinople (modern Istanbul), then the center of Eastern Orthodoxy. In comparison, the behavior of the Muslim armies was chivalrous, the twelfth-century Kurdish leader Saladin in particular winning high praise from Christians and Muslims alike for his humanity.
The Islamic world remembers the Crusades; George Bush, like many Americans, is clueless about them. Hence his amazingly dim-witted reference to the "War on Terrorism" as a "Crusade" last September 16-a statement that produced immediate, widespread outrage in the Muslim world. No offense intended, no doubt. But such ignorance, in action, in a world where religious prejudice generates idiotic action from Belfast, to the Balkans, to Gujarat, to the Moluccas, is perilous ignorance indeed.
Gary Leupp is an an associate professor, Department of History, Tufts University and coordinator, Asian Studies Program
He can be reached at: gleupp@tufts.edu
Comments
Good article. However, since the author is an expert on Asian studies, it should be obvious to him the great contributions of Muslim scientists? For instance Ibn Sina's 'Cannon of Medicine' was used as a medical text book in European countries for more than 400 years.Now, that's just a small, minuscule example. So Sir, if there's a religion that's pro science, it's Islam.
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I didn't know such things have happened or existed...
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A very insightful article (thank goodness from an american on the level of actual islamic awareness in the western world). I have always differed on this label of generalization that "Muslims are violent" or evenly enough "Jews are causing evil in this world". It is always damaging to decent people everywhere in this world to be caught up in the middle of super power politics be it in middle east, afghanistan, latin america or east asia. I think the roots of all these problems are not religious at all, but concern that of power politics and influence by men, who are driven by greed and are fuelled by fears of the subjects that these men control. I think Bush and co like their predecessors in the white house should be ashamed to call themselves leaders of the free world, where they have the audacity to put humanity through so much suffering in their almost godless arrogant stance on the reality of world politics at the grass roots level and the only way to sell this idea to the western people is that this is a struggle for good western englighted culture vs the forces of evil( which actually have included the likes of Soviet Union and China to suit their policy in the past so fanatical muslims need not be ashamed to be held in the same league, though falsely). I am pretty sure it might be hard for a general pakistani or arab city dweller to pin point the location of a european nation(everyone has heard of america ofcourse) but I dont think that understanding Islam really solves the problem on the larger foreign policy stand. Americans and their European counterparts( who all claim to live in the most academic nations) must stand up and convey to their governments that this neo imperialism must stop and stop right now! I dont think the reaction is severe enough, with the radical christians and jews( all gods men, religous people) actually supporting these leaders waging war abroad. This is the problem, that the masses have not come out in the last 50 years since the end of colonialism to lash out at the economic and military imperialism being spearheaded by the United States and followed like poodles by the rest of Europe with France and Germany only taking respectable stances recently(half heartedly).
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i recon that ppl r islamophobic cuz they hav not yet studied islam, this iz y they do not know n e thin bout it so they shud not hav misconceptions bout something which they do not fully understand. a lot ov ppl hu hav studied the religion do hav positive views on islam n hav commented positively. masha allah what an eye openin to the point article. well done :)
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salaam,i'm 13 year old student and i really loved your article. its great. i heard and saw alot of people saying bad stuffs about islam which are not true. i just cant get it why do they say something about islaam when they have no knowledge about it. they should have some common sence especially those leaders. before they say something about islaam they sould get to know islaam and thats one of their problems. this article is great for those people who say bad stuffs about islaam. i hope this continues and may help you through out the way.
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Thank you for your efforts to build a bridge of understanding. While I applaud much of the article, there is a section which deserved more elaboration and context. In Section 5, you wrote: "It [Islam] calls for the destruction of 'infidels'," and "...while the Qu'ran does call for the extermination of 'infidels,' the Old Testament is replete with its own exhortations to genocide." Although you mentioned that historical context is important, your decision not to articulate the context - even briefly - leads the reader to unsettling and ambiguous conclusions. The fact is that all instructions in the Qur'an to fight and kill the idolators were issued as a last resort, under the strict Qur'anic precondition of self-defence which fall under the legal framework of a "just war". The Muslim community was under extreme duress, being subject to torture, killings, expulsions, military assault, and other gross injustices. The references you made were instructions issued in the heat of defensive battles against the Meccans and others who were intent on the total eradication of the Muslim community. Your characterization of the Qur'an's goals as the "destruction" and "extermination" of the idolators without this relevant context leads your readers to your implied view that the Qur'an has "exhortations to genocide" - a shocking statement which does a great disservice to the good spirit of your article. My apologies if this is not your view; perhaps this message can serve as context for those readers who might otherwise reach premature, innacurate conclusions.The Qur'an is very clear about pursuing every option possible to avoid war and bloodshed; about never initiating aggressions; about fighting only in self defence - if under attack, driven from one's home, or suffering extreme oppression (which it considers worse than killing); about not harming children, women, the old, the sick, and vegetation; about accepting the enemy's appeals for a truce and always ceasing conflicts at the earliest possible oppurtunity. It is far from being characterized as exhorting genocide.Readers can verify this easily by searching the Quran and/or querying the internet, or by accessing academic texts on the subject.s
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Vision from the Outside: OK, I hear Muslims everywhere saying that Islam is peaceful. Yes, I believe the original text is probably peaceful too. Just like all religions, the ideals are not always what is practised, or what the individual comprehends, or the mob-mentality happening at whatever church. I worked with a group of very religious guys, of different religions, Islamic progressive & new-fundamentalist, Mormon fundamentalist & moderate, Christian Moderate & Fundamentalist, none of them at all well-read in each other's religions, except for Christian moderate and the Islamic progressive, who were the easiest to get along with. All the others were non-well read, would provoke each other at mealtimes and at work, Ugly. The Islamic new-fundamentalist had apparently become more conservative around 2001, as he'd given up a lot of things (interest bearing). He was very sweet, but unfortunately would joke about women getting stoned to death after being forced to confess to adultery. He and the Japanese guy would talk about how lazy and undeserving Americans are, even though their countries take American aid, and they both benefit from American infrastructure: great educations, health and jobs.The Mormon and Christian fundamentalists were just as bizarre, spurning education, homeschooling their kids yet barely having a highschool diploma. Education was so obviously the key for getting along, as the most educated folks did the least provoking and judging. (Education meaning non-biased comparative religious studies and world history---not advanced programming.) Also, I think it is VERY important in these times that people be taught critical thinking skills, so they are not manipulated by media, politicians and religious leaders. Folks are too naive to avoid the David Koresh/Jimmy Jones-type Cults and Fox News Network.
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A fantastic article, we need to do this often and it is the responsibility of all of us to contribute in various way to educate the ignorant about this great religion called ISLAM.If you are seated some where at one corner of the glob thinking you are too small to make an impact, it means you have never been to bed with a mosquitor.We all can help with our words, strength, ideas, manners, attitudes etc to potray the good islamic orientation.
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Masha-allah...very impressive article.May ALLAH show people the truth about Islam and may ALLAH give them Hadaiah.
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Fantastic article, Gary. A refreshingly objective view on such a misunderstood religion. To finally see someone who's not afraid to question the media's integrity as well as try to understand the reason behind terrorism certainly gives us hope for the ignorant masses. Islam, however, is not anti-science nor is it against intellectualism. On the contrary, Islam paved the way for numerous scientific, mathematical and astronomical discoveries during the Abbasid dynasty and it was these discoveries which effecively pulled Europe out of the Dark Ages. The first universities in the world were founded during Islamic reign, accomodating both Muslims and non-Muslims. But overall, this article is extremely good. Well done!
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